Development of depression detection algorithm using text scripts of routine psychiatric interview.

Background: A psychiatric interview is one of the important procedures in diagnosing psychiatric disorders. Through this interview, psychiatrists listen to the patient's medical history and major complaints, check their emotional state, and obtain clues for clinical diagnosis. Although there have been attempts to diagnose a specific mental disorder from a short doctor-patient conversation, there has been no attempt to classify the patient's emotional state based on the text scripts from a formal interview of more than 30 min and use it to diagnose depression. This study aimed to utilize the existing machine learning algorithm in diagnosing depression using the transcripts of one-on-one interviews between psychiatrists and depressed patients. Methods: Seventy-seven clinical patients [with depression (n = 60); without depression (n = 17)] with a prior psychiatric diagnosis history participated in this study. The study was conducted with 24 male and 53 female subjects with the mean age of 33.8 (± 3.0). Psychiatrists conducted a conversational interview with each patient that lasted at least 30 min. All interviews with the subjects between August 2021 and November 2022 were recorded and transcribed into text scripts, and a text emotion recognition module was used to indicate the subject's representative emotions of each sentence. A machine learning algorithm discriminates patients with depression and those without depression based on text scripts. Results: A machine learning model classified text scripts from depressive patients with non-depressive ones with an acceptable accuracy rate (AUC of 0.85). The distribution of emotions (surprise, fear, anger, love, sadness, disgust, neutral, and happiness) was significantly different between patients with depression and those without depression (p < 0.001), and the most contributing emotion in classifying the two groups was disgust (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This is a qualitative and retrospective study to develop a tool to detect depression against patients without depression based on the text scripts of psychiatric interview, suggesting a novel and practical approach to understand the emotional characteristics of depression patients and to use them to detect the diagnosis of depression based on machine learning methods. This model could assist psychiatrists in clinical settings who conduct routine conversations with patients using text transcripts of the interviews.

A compreensão das expectativas dos pacientes candidatos ao transplante hepático / Understanding the expectations of patients who are candidates for liver transplantation / Comprender las expectativas de los pacientes candidatos a un trasplante de hígado

As doenças hepáticas crônicas trazem alterações metabólicas no organismo que alteram a qualidade de vida do indivíduo. A depender da gravidade clínica, o transplante hepático surge como uma proposta terapêutica que necessita de inclusão no Sistema Nacional de Transplantes e avaliação multiprofissional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as expectativas que os pacientes candidatos ao transplante hepático expressam sobre esta terapêutica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou o método da pesquisa documental nos Formulários de Avaliação Psicológica Pré Transplante do serviço de psicologia de um hospital universitário em Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram analisados 202 Formulários pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin que se dividiram em três categorias: 1. Diminuição dos sintomas a recuperação à saúde; 2. Esperança frente ao desconhecido; 3. Reconstrução da identidade. A pesquisa permitiu identificar as principais expectativas dos pacientes relacionados ao transplante hepático, delineando os aspectos que são sustentadores para que os sujeitos deem continuidade ao tratamento, a saber: rede social de apoio, possibilidade de melhora clínica e aumento da sobrevida, sentimentos de esperança e desejo de qualidade de vida. O desejo de cura está relacionado à recuperação da cirurgia e não apenas ao desaparecimento da doença hepática. (AU)

Chronic liver diseases bring metabolic changes in the body that affect the individual's quality of life. Depending on the clinical severity, liver transplantation emerges as a therapeutic proposal that requires inclusion in the National Transplant System and multidisciplinary evaluation. The aim of this study was to identify the expectations that patients who are candidates for liver transplantation express about this therapy. This is a descriptive, qualitative study that used the documentary research method in the Pre-Transplant Psychological Assessment Forms of the psychology service at a university hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. 202 Forms were analyzed using Bardin's content analysis method, which were divided into three categories: 1. Reduction of symptoms and recovery to health; 2. Hope in the face of the unknown; 3. Reconstruction of identity. The research identified the main expectations of patients related to liver transplantation, outlining the aspects that support subjects in continuing treatment, namely: social support network, the possibility of clinical improvement and increased survival, feelings of hope, and desire for quality of life. The desire for a cure is related to recovery from surgery and not just to the disappearance of liver disease. (AU)

Las enfermidades hepáticas crónicas traen alteraciones metabólicas en el organismo que alteran la calidad de vida. Dependiendo de la gravidad, el trasplante de hígado surge como una propuesta terapéutica que necesita de inclusión en el Sistema Nacional de Trasplante. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las expectativas que los pacientes candidatos al trasplante expresan sobre esta terapia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, que se utilizó del método de la búsqueda documental en los Formulários de Evaluación Psicológica Pré Trasplante de un Servicio de Psicología de un Hospital Universitário de la ciudad de Fortaleza (Ceará). Se analizaron 202 Formulários por el método de análisis de contenidos de Bardin que se dividieron en tres categorias: Dismi-nución de los síntomas y la recuperación de la salud; Esperanza frente a lo desconocido; Reconstrucción de la identidad. La búsqueda permitió identificar las expectativas de los pacientes relacionados al trasplante de hígado. Desta-cando los aspectos que son fundamentales para que los sujetos continúen al tratamiento, tenemos: rede social de apoyo, posibilidad de mejora clínica y aumento de supervivencia, sentimientos de esperanza y deseo de calidad de vida. El deseo de cura está relacionado a la recuperación de la cirurgia y desaparición de la enfermedad hepática. (AU)

Characterization of the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplant (SIPAT) in Lung Transplant Candidates.

The SIPAT is a standardized measure for pre-transplant psychosocial evaluation. Previous SIPAT studies utilized a relatively small lung transplant sample and only included listed patients. This study characterized the SIPAT in 147 lung transplant candidates to better elucidate its utility. The average score corresponded to a minimally acceptable rating and nearly half of the patients had relative or absolute contraindications. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) patients scored more favorably than non-ILD patients (U = 7.69, p < .05). The Total (ß = - .05, SE = .018, p < .01), Social Support Subscale (ß = - .133, SE = .058, p < .05), and Psychosocial Stability and Psychopathology Subscale (ß = - .103, SE = .040, p < .05) significantly predicted listing status. The SIPAT has a unique profile in lung transplant candidates and demonstrated utility for guiding transplant decisions. Future research should examine which lung transplant outcomes are significantly associated with SIPAT scores.

Confession, psychology and the shaping of subjectivity through interviews with victims of female-perpetrated sexual violence.

Female-perpetrated sexual abuse (FSA) is often seen as rare and of little consequence. Confessing to being a victim of FSA is infrequent and often met with incredulity. Identifying as such a victim is thus often a response to an incitement to speak in the mode of confession. Interviews producing the possibility for such confessions were conducted with ten self-identified South African FSA victims and then analysed using a Foucauldian approach. In identifying as victims of FSA the participants drew on psychologised, gendered accounts of damage reflected in trauma, revictimisation, memory loss, the cycle of abuse and deviance. An analysis of these accounts demonstrates how confessional sites, such as the (psychological) interview, anchor victim worthiness in damage so that 'non-normative' victims of violence are able to see themselves in sexual violence discourse as forever compromised subjects whose healing requires rethinking the relationship between gender, sexuality, and violence in contemporary South Africa.

An attempt to analyze the longitudinal psychological state of cancer patients in the active treatment stage.

The psychological state and changes over time of cancer patients in the active treatment stage were classified into emotions by the speech and behavior of the patient described in the medical record article of the cancer psychological interview record, and the analysis of the "emotional state map" was attempted. In all cases, positive / negative emotions were mixed and appeared with variation, but a relatively large number of positive emotions, including , , and , were manifested, and the same was true in patients who experienced stressful treatment events. In the background, the existence of appropriate support from medical professionals and psychological characteristics peculiar to the stage of active treatment was inferred, such as the active treatment of the target patient, the hospitalization environment in which mental and physical pain promptly appealed to medical professionals, and the influence of psychological interviews. Cancer patients during active treatment perceived and expressed changes in the body and pain caused by the disease, and after responses from medical professionals and family members, they were conscious of their physical condition and emotions. It is suggested that this analysis method helps to objectively understand and explain the invisible and ever-changing psychological state of cancer patients in the active treatment stage. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 148-153, February, 2021.

ICU Survivors Experience of ICU Diaries: An Ancillary Qualitative Analysis of the ICU Diary Study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate patients' experience of ICU diaries 6 months after ICU discharge among survivors. This study was designed to add insight into a large randomized study, which found no benefit of the ICU diary to post-traumatic stress disorder among critically ill patients having received mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: A preplanned qualitative substudy of patients receiving an ICU diary written by ICU caregivers and families. Six months after ICU discharge, survivors were contacted by a psychologist for a telephone interview using a semi-directive guide. SETTING: Thirty-five French ICUs. PATIENTS: All ICU survivors having received an ICU diary. INTERVENTION: An ICU diary written by both ICU staff and families. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 332 patients randomized in the intervention group (having had an ICU diary filled by both ICU staff and families), 191 (57.7%) were alive at 6 months and 101 of 191 (52.9%) participated in a telephone interview. They were (median [interquartile range]) 64 years old (53-70 yr old); 65 (64.4%) were men, and 79 (78.2%) were medical patients. Duration of ICU stay was 13 days (8-21 d). Three themes were derived from the thematic analysis: 1) reading the diary: between emotion and pain, 2) how the diary helped, and 3) the bittersweet representation of the diary. For half of the patients, the diary is a good memory of difficult times (55/101, 54.5%), others seem to be more ambivalent about it (28/101, 27.8%), and 37 of 101, 36.6% see it as a painful representation of a time to be forgotten. CONCLUSIONS: When reading their ICU diaries, ICU survivors experienced mixed emotions, related to family messages, medical caregiving, and to the severity of their illness. Patients described diaries as a help or a hindrance to recovery, depending on their wish to remember the period or move on from it.

Psychosocial Cardiological Schedule-Revised (PCS-R) in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit: Reflections Upon Data Collection (2010-2017) and New Challenges.

INTRODUCTION: The Psychosocial Cardiological Schedule (PCS) was developed as a screening tool for patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation (CR) to detect clinically relevant psychosocial/cognitive problems requiring psychological assessment/intervention. Filled out by a trained nurse, it classifies patients according to their need or not for a psychological interview and intervention provided by the psychologist (PCS-Yes vs. PCS-No). AIMS: The main aim was to compare PCS data collected, respectively, in 2010 and 2017, regarding patients' socio-demographic characteristics, clinical variables, and the inclusion criteria for psychological counseling. Subsequently, the original Italian PCS was revised and an English version of the schedule was provided [PCS-Revised (PCS-R)]. RESULTS: 28 patients (aged 53.5 + 12.6 years, M = 20) of the 87 recruited in 2010 vs. 35 (aged 64.9 + 12.7 years, M = 28) of the 83 recruited in 2017 met the criteria for PCS-Yes: age < 55 years, social problems (living alone, no social support), manifest psychological/behavioral problems, suspected neuropsychological disorders, low prescription adherence, inadequate disease awareness. Comparing the two samples (2010 vs. 2017), clinical variables were similar, and the need for a psychological interview did not differ substantially (32.2 vs. 42.2%), but age increased significantly (PCS-Yes: 53.5 ± 12.6 vs. 64.9 ± 12.7 years, p = 0.001; PCS-No: 68.3 ± 8.0 vs. 75.0 ± 7.7 years, p = 0.0001). A significant increase was observed in the recommendation for neuropsychological assessment (3.6 vs. 25.7%, p = 0.02) to confirm eventual cognitive deficits. These results, the clinical experience, and the recent evidences from literature led to the PCS-R, incorporating a psychosocial screening, a psychological/neuropsychological deeper assessment, and a recommendation for a specific intervention to be carried out either during rehabilitation or in outpatient services. CONCLUSION: The data comparison highlight changes in the cardiac population, which is aging and more frequently requires neuropsychological assessment. The PCS-R could be considered in clinical practice as a useful screening tool to implement a timely coordinated interdisciplinary intervention, comprehensive of specific and tailored psychotherapeutic techniques.

Psychosocial Impact of Atopic Dermatitis in Adults: A Qualitative Study. / Impacto psicosocial en adultos con dermatitis atópica: estudio cualitativo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Atopic dermatitis affects a patient's quality of life in many ways. Analysis of the effects of this disease on the lives of adult patients is therefore important for the purpose of better defining their care needs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We interviewed 14 adult patients with atopic dermatitis in this qualitative study. The interviews were semistructured according to a simple outline to allow for completeness and flexibility and afford greater depth and richness of information. RESULTS: Atopic dermatitis affected the patients' lives in 6 spheres of activity: economic, occupational, personal, psychosocial, clinical, and relational. A clear finding was that the disease has a considerable psychosocial effect on adult patients, altering their interpersonal relationships and leading to rejection, stigmatization, and social isolation. It limits the patient in various spheres of life and in activities of daily living, causing sleep alterations among other effects. The patients were very concerned about appearance, the itch-scratch cycle, poor understanding and lack of awareness of their disease, the absence of a definitive treatment, and the adverse effects of some treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of life of adults with atopic dermatitis is negatively affected. This disease requires a professional, holistic, multidisciplinary management approach that attempts to mitigate the adverse effects.

Anxiety disorders in outpatient clinics of epilepsy in tertiary care hospitals: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although anxiety disorders (ADs) occur frequently in people with epilepsy (PWE) and impair quality of life and treatment outcomes, current efforts to categorize and investigate AD subtypes in PWE remain insufficient. Thus, the present meta-analysis aimed to determine the current prevalence rates of any AD type and various AD subtypes in PWE managed by outpatient clinics. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were searched to identify and select studies that assessed the prevalence of ADs or individual AD subtypes in adult PWE under the routine care of outpatient epilepsy clinics in tertiary hospitals. Only studies that used gold-standard diagnostic tools for assessing ADs were included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: The database search ultimately identified 15 studies, of which 9 provided current prevalence rates of any type of AD. The pooled estimated prevalence of any AD was 26.1 %. Of the 15 total studies, 13 provided current prevalence rates of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), revealing an overall estimated prevalence of 18.2 %. In terms of current prevalence rates, GAD was highest, followed by agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Among PWE managed in the outpatient epilepsy clinics of tertiary care hospitals, the current prevalence of any AD was 26.1 %, and GAD was the most prevalent subtype of AD.

Optimal cutoff score of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) for detecting major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) is a useful inventory for screening major depressive disorder (MDD) in people with epilepsy (PWE). The cutoff score for detecting MDD has been reported with the range of >11 to >16. The aim of this study was to find optimal cutoff score of the NDDI-E for MDD detection by combining the raw data from previous studies. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and SCOPUS to identify proper studies. Original researches, which tested the accuracy of NDDI-E for MDD detection in adult PWE, were recruited. We included the studies in which MDD was diagnosed by a gold standard structural interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). In addition, we included only the studies providing enough information for meta-analysis: number of PWE with MDD, number of total PWE, and sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Spe) for each cutoff score. After collecting data from included studies, we performed a diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) meta-analysis using bivariate model. RESULTS: We identified 13 validation studies conducted in outpatient epilepsy clinic setting. As summary estimates of test accuracy measures, the Se, Spe, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of NDDI-E for MDD detection were 0.81, 0.84, and 22.48, respectively. The analysis using the multiple thresholds model showed that the NDDI-E score of 13.2 was the best fit for MDD detection. When analyzing only with the seven data sets of the cutoff score >13, the Se, Spe, and DOR were 0.87, 0.80, and 25.72, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal NDDI-E cutoff score for MDD detection is >13. The information provided by this DTA meta-analysis will be a useful reference for applying NDDI-E in geographic areas where no NDDI-E validation studies have been conducted for their languages.

Major depressive disorder in epilepsy clinics: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although depression is a frequent psychiatric comorbidity in people with epilepsy (PWE), its prevalence has been underestimated. Comorbid depression has negative impacts on treatment outcomes and quality of life (QOL). It also causes various problems in PWE, such as fatigue, irritability, and suicidality. This meta-analysis was performed to estimate the frequency of major depression disorder (MDD) in clinics managing PWE. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and SCOPUS to identify studies. Hospital-based studies and original research presenting information regarding prevalence of MDD, determined using a gold standard diagnostic tool in adult PWE, were considered for inclusion. The prevalence of depression was examined by meta-analysis. In addition, subgroup analysis was performed based on the continent where the selected studies were conducted, the strictness of selection criteria, and gender. Strict selection criteria were defined as any mention of the use of exclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 6607 studies were identified by searching the five databases outlined above. After screening and rescreening, 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The total number of PWE was 5434. In the test for heterogeneity of the studies, I2 was 68.014, and the Cochran Q value was 106.296 (p < 0.01). As a pooled estimate, the point prevalence of MDD in PWE was 21.9% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 20.8-23.0 in a fixed effects model. In subgroup analyses, continent partly explained the heterogeneity among the selected studies, but the strictness of selection criteria did not. The prevalence of MDD was higher in females than in males (26.4% vs. 16.7%, respectively) with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.805 (95% CI: 1.443-2.258; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The point prevalence of MDD is estimated at 21.9% among PWE in epilepsy clinics and is higher in females than in males. Based on this relatively high prevalence in PWE, measures are required to identify and resolve MDD. In addition, the female predominance of MDD among PWE indicates a need to pay greater attention to females. Such efforts may reduce the impact of depression in PWE and improve their QOL.

Creación de un cuestionario de clima organizacional para hospitales de alta complejidad, Chile / Creation of a Questionnaire of Organizational Climate for Hospitals of High Complexity, Chile / Criação de um questionário de clima organizacional para hospitais de alta complexidade, Chile

En el contexto de un sector salud chileno en proceso de transformaciones, se propuso crear un cuestionario validado para medir el clima organizacional en hospitales de alta complejidad. Para su formulación se identificaron dimensiones y variables de diversos autores y se revisaron diferentes cuestionarios, validaciones y constructos utilizados en diferentes propuestas a nivel internacional. La investigación es de tipo descriptivo, cuantitativo e inferencial y se realizó sobre una base de datos de 561 empleados hospitalarios, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario por la vía de una entrevista personalizada en el lugar de trabajo, que consta de 71 variables agrupadas en 14 dimensiones. La aplicación del instrumento, así como los estudios de validez y de confiabilidad, permitieron dar origen a un nuevo cuestionario validado que cuenta con 10 factores y 44 reactivos de alta confiabilidad, que explican el 52,181% de la varianza total, alcanzando un alfa de Cronbach total de 0,89.

In the context of a Chilean health sector undergoing a process of transformations, it was proposed to create a validated questionnaire to measure the organizational climate in high complexity hospitals. In order to prepare it, dimensions and variables by diverse authors were identified and diverse questionnaires, validations and constructs used in different proposals at the international level were reviewed. The research is descriptive, quantitative and inferential and it was conducted on a database of 561 hospital employees, to whom a questionnaire was applied, through a personalized interview at their work place, consisting of 71 variables grouped in 14 dimensions. The application of the instrument, as well as the validity and reliability studies, allowed giving origin to a new validated questionnaire with 10 factors and 44 high-reliability reagents that explain 52.181 % of the total variance, reaching a total Cronbach's alpha 0.89.

No contexto de um processo de transformações do setor saúde chileno, propõe-se criar um questionário validado para medir o clima organizacional em hospitais de alta complexidade. Para sua formulação dimensões e variáveis de diversos autores foram identificadas e se revisaram diferentes questionários, validações e construtos utilizados em diferentes propostas do nível internacional. A pesquisa é de tipo descritivo, quantitativo e inferencial e foi realizado sobre uma base de dados de 561 funcionários hospitalares, a quem foi aplicado questionário pela via de entrevista pessoalizada no local de trabalho, que consta de 71 variáveis agrupadas em 14 dimensões. A aplicação do instrumento, bem como os estudos de validez e confiabilidade, permitiu dar origem a um novo questionário validado que conta com 10 fatores e 44 reagente de alta confiabilidade, que explicam o 52,181% da variância total, atingindo um alfa de Cronbach total de 0,89.

Entrevista psicológica na avaliação pericial em Psicologia do Trânsito: uma análise crítica / Psychological interview of expert assessments on Traffic Psychology: a critical analysis

Apesar da evolução da avaliação psicológica no contexto de trânsito, que passou a ser compreendida como um processo técnico-científico, no Brasil ainda é possível verificar o imperialismo dos testes psicológicos. A entrevista psicológica é tida, nesse contexto, em muitos casos, apenas como uma complementação para os testes psicológicos, sendo aplicada, muitas vezes, após os testes. De acordo com as resoluções do Conselho Federal de Psicologia (CFP), no processo de avaliação pericial no trânsito, a entrevista psicológica deve ser de caráter inicial e sua aplicação é obrigatória, no entanto, o que se verifica é a falta de aperfeiçoamento e reestruturação da mesma, o que daria a cientificidade necessária para ser uma importante variável de mensuração do indivíduo no processo de avaliação psicológica. Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar o roteiro de entrevista proposto pela Resolução CFP nº 007/2009 para a avaliação no trânsito. Como principais resultados, foram identificadas possíveis deficiências no roteiro de entrevista proposto pela resolução, taiscomo, uso de linguagem inadequada, tipo e quantidade de perguntas, dentre outras questões.(AU)

Despite the evolution of psychological assessment in the context of traffic, which came to be understood as a technical-scientific process in Brazil, it is still possible to verify the imperialism of psychological tests. The psychological interview is taken in this context, in many cases, only as a supplement to the psychological tests being applied, often after testing. According to the resolutions of the Federal Council of Psychology (CFP), the expert assessment of traffic procedure, the psychological interview should head the assessment and its implementation is mandatory. However, what we ascertain is the lack of improvement and restructuring thereof, which would be necessary for the scientific measurement of an important individual variable in the psychological evaluation process. This article aims to analyze the interview schedule proposed by the CFP Resolution No. 007/2009 for evaluation in traffic. As main results, there are possible shortcomings in the interview structure proposed by the resolution, such as the use of inappropriate language, type and amount of questions, among other issues.(AU)

Entrevista psicológica na avaliação pericial em Psicologia do Trânsito: uma análise crítica / Psychological interview of expert assessments on Traffic Psychology: a critical analysis

Apesar da evolução da avaliação psicológica no contexto de trânsito, que passou a ser compreendida como um processo técnico-científico, no Brasil ainda é possível verificar o imperialismo dos testes psicológicos. A entrevista psicológica é tida, nesse contexto, em muitos casos, apenas como uma complementação para os testes psicológicos, sendo aplicada, muitas vezes, após os testes. De acordo com as resoluções do Conselho Federal de Psicologia (CFP), no processo de avaliação pericial no trânsito, a entrevista psicológica deve ser de caráter inicial e sua aplicação é obrigatória, no entanto, o que se verifica é a falta de aperfeiçoamento e reestruturação da mesma, o que daria a cientificidade necessária para ser uma importante variável de mensuração do indivíduo no processo de avaliação psicológica. Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar o roteiro de entrevista proposto pela Resolução CFP nº 007/2009 para a avaliação no trânsito. Como principais resultados, foram identificadas possíveis deficiências no roteiro de entrevista proposto pela resolução, taiscomo, uso de linguagem inadequada, tipo e quantidade de perguntas, dentre outras questões...

Despite the evolution of psychological assessment in the context of traffic, which came to be understood as a technical-scientific process in Brazil, it is still possible to verify the imperialism of psychological tests. The psychological interview is taken in this context, in many cases, only as a supplement to the psychological tests being applied, often after testing. According to the resolutions of the Federal Council of Psychology (CFP), the expert assessment of traffic procedure, the psychological interview should head the assessment and its implementation is mandatory. However, what we ascertain is the lack of improvement and restructuring thereof, which would be necessary for the scientific measurement of an important individual variable in the psychological evaluation process. This article aims to analyze the interview schedule proposed by the CFP Resolution No. 007/2009 for evaluation in traffic. As main results, there are possible shortcomings in the interview structure proposed by the resolution, such as the use of inappropriate language, type and amount of questions, among other issues...

Avaliação psicológica de pacientes com dor crônica: quando, como e por que encaminhar? / Psychological assessment of chronic pain patients: when, how and why refer?

Justificativa e objetivos: Apesar de inúmeros estudos apontarem a relação entre aspectos psicológicos e a experiência dolorosa, a literatura científica ainda carece de artigos a respeito, especificamente, do processo de avaliação psicológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter respostas para três perguntas: Por que, quando e como encaminhar pacientes com dor para uma avaliação psicológica? Com isso pretende-se colaborar com profissionais de diversas áreas no sentido de oferecer-lhes apontamentos sobre as principais indicações para uma avaliação psicológica, o que esperar desse processo e como fazer o encaminhamento de uma maneira eficaz. Conteudo: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados Medline, LILACS, Pubmed e Scielo, cruzando-se os termos: "psychology", "pain", "psychology interview" e "psychological tests". Além disso, foram buscados artigos que contivessem no título ou no resumo as palavras "psychological assessment" ou "psychological evaluation" e "pain" - já que estes dois primeiros não são descritores identificados nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde. Foram considerados trabalhos entre 2002 e 2013, sendo incluídos apenas os que se referiam especificamente à avaliação psicológica, resultando em 11 artigos no total. Conclusão: Dos estudos selecionados, todos apontavam justificativas sobre a importância da avaliação psicológica do paciente com dor. Quanto a indicações para a avaliação psicológica, sete artigos abordaram o assunto. A grande lacuna se referiu ao modo de se encaminhar o paciente. Apenas um dos 11 artigos abordou esse assunto. Novos estudos podem no futuro explorar melhor esse aspecto.

Background and objective: Notwithstanding several studies pointing to a relationship between psychological aspects and pain, the scientific literature still lacks articles specifically addressing the psychological assessment process. This study aimed at answering to three questions: Why, when and how to refer painful patients to a psychological assessment? With this, we intend to cooperate with professionals of different areas by offering them guidelines about major indications for psychological assessment, what should be expected from this process and how to effectively refer patients. Contents: The following databases were searched: Medline, LILACS, Pubmed and Scielo, by crossing the terms "psychology", "pain", "psychology interview" and "psychological tests". In addition, we looked for articles having in the title or abstract the words "psychological assessment" or "psychological evaluation" and "pain" - since the two former terms are not descriptors identified in Health Sciences Descriptors. Studies between 2002 and 2013 were considered, being included only those specifically mentioning psychological assessment, resulting in 11 articles in total. Conclusion: From selected studies, all have pointed to justifications about the importance of psychological assessment of painful patients. As to indications to psychological assessment, seven articles have addressed the subject. The major gap was related to how to refer patients. Only one out of 11 articles has addressed this subject. Further studies may, in the future, better explore this aspect.

Avaliação comportamental infantil: inclusão de múltiplos informantes e o uso da entrevista clínica / Not informed by the author

Como as dificuldades comportamentais e emocionais infantis, se não superadas neste período, podem estender-se ao longo do desenvolvimento, é de fundamental importância o investimento em estudos focados na avaliação e compreensão dos problemas de comportamento desta população, para, então, realizar um planejamento de intervenção adequado às suas necessidades. O presente trabalho tem como ponto de partida o reconhecimento da importância de múltiplas fontes de informações no processo de avaliação da criança, incluindo ela própria e o psicólogo clínico, para que haja o melhor atendimento psicológico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar a presença de problemas de comportamento em crianças a partir da avaliação de seus pais e do clínico, compreender os fatores de risco que possam estar associados a presença de tais dificuldades e analisar os níveis de concordância e discordância entre as avaliações realizadas pelas múltiplas fontes. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas clínicas semiestruturadas (SCICA) com 25 crianças, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre sete e 11 anos, encaminhadas para atendimento em serviços de saúde mental, a fim de compará-las com as respostas dos pais/cuidador a um inventário de comportamentos infantis, o CBCL. Também foram coletadas informações sobre a presença de fatores de risco na família (Índice de Adversidade Familiar) e sobre os problemas de comportamento dos cuidadores que realizaram a avaliação (ASR). A SCICA mostrou-se um protocolo de entrevista válido para obtenção de observação comportamental e do relato da criança sobre seu funcionamento. A partir da análise dos resultados identificou-se que tanto os problemas observados pelos clínicos, quanto os reportados pela própria criança, apresentavam-se em taxas inferiores às relatadas pelos cuidadores.(AU)

The children's behavioral and emotional difficulties, if not overcome during childhood, may extend through the adult development, so it is extremely important to invest in studies focused on the evaluation and understanding of their behavioral problems to perform an intervention plan on these needs. One of the main concepts of this study is to recognize the importance of having multiple sources of information in the childs evaluation process (for instance, him/herself and the clinical psychologist) to have the best psychological care. The objective of this research was to identify the presence of behavioral problems in children based on their parents and clinical assessment, to analyze the risk factors that may be associated with these difficulties and to examine the levels of agreement and disagreement between the evaluations performed by multiple sources. To achieve that, we have compared the children's scores on a parentreport questionnaire, the CBCL, with semi-structured clinical interviews that were performed with 25 children referred for psychological care, of both genders and age range from 7 to 11 years old. We have also collected information about the presence of risk factors in the family (Rutter's Family Adversity Index) and about the presence of parents behavioral problems according to ASR. The SCICA proved to be a valid interview protocol to obtain behavioral observation and child's report about their functioning. From the analysis, we found that the problems noted by clinicians and reported by the child, were presented at rates lower than those reported by caregivers.(AU)

Avaliação psicológica no exercício físico: proposta de entrevistas para praticantes e instrutores / Psychological assessment in exercise: an interview guide for exercisers and instructors / Evaluación psicológica en el ejercicio: propuesta de entrevistas para practicantes e instructores

Praticar exercício físico está associado a vantagens ao nível psicológico, físico e social. No entanto, a prática desportiva na população é ainda reduzida e, adicionalmente, os níveis de abandono são muito significativos (Dishman, 1994; "Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health", 2004). Assim, torna-se importante compreender os fatores que estarão na origem destes problemas. Este trabalho propõe dois guiões de entrevista dirigidos a praticantes e instrutores de exercício, procurando facilitar uma análise mais aprofundada deste tema. Os domínios avaliados foram: 1. motivação, barreiras e benefícios (ambos os guiões); 2. atitudes, normas subjetivas, perceção de controle e intenção, experiência emocional, local de prática (guião para os praticantes); 3. fatores influenciadores do exercício, treino dos fatores psicológicos, condições de trabalho (guião para os instrutores). Os domínios avaliados permitem uma análise abrangente dos fatores psicológicos envolvidos na prática de exercício, sendo também possível efetuar um confronto dos dados obtidos com modelos conceptuais existentes na literatura sobre este tema.

The practice of physical activity is associated to psychological, physical and social benefits. However, in the general population sport practice is still very low and the levels of dropout are very significant (Dishman, 1994; "Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health", 2004). So it becomes important to understand the factors that can cause these problems. This paper proposes two interview guides for exercisers and instructors that facilitate a deeper analysis of the psychological factors involved in exercise. The assessed domains were: 1. motivation, barriers and benefits (both interview guides), 2. attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control and intention, emotional experience, setting of practice (interview guide for practitioners), 3. factors influencing exercise, training of psychological factors, work conditions (interview guide for instructors). The areas evaluated allow a comprehensive analysis of the psychological factors involved in exercise practice, being also possible to make a comparison of data obtained with conceptual models in the literature on this topic.

El ejercicio físico tiene ventajas a nivel psicológico, físico y social pero la práctica deportiva es todavía reducida y los niveles de abandono son significativos (Dishman, 1994; "Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health", 2004). Por ello, la exploración de los factores que originan estos problemas es crucial. Este trabajo propone dos guías de entrevistas dirigidas a los practicantes e instructores de ejercicio, buscando contribuir a un análisis más profundo de este tema. Los dominios evaluados fueron los siguientes: 1. motivación, barreras y beneficios (ambos guiones); 2. actitudes, normas subjetivas, percepción de control e intención, experiencia emocional, lugar de práctica (guión para los practicantes); 3. factores que influyen en el ejercicio, entrenamiento de factores psicológicos, condiciones de trabajo (guión para los instructores). Las áreas evaluadas permiten un análisis completo de los factores psicológicos implicados en el ejercicio, siendo también posible hacer una comparación de los datos obtenidos con los modelos conceptuales en la literatura sobre este tema.

Metodologia de ensino em psicologia médica e atenção integral ao paciente / Teaching methods on medical psychology and integrated care for patients

Relata-se uma experiência de ensino da disciplina de Psicologia Médica do segundo ano de graduação de Medicina da Unifesp-EPM, que vem se mostrando bastante profícua em sensibilizar e capacitar o aluno para a observação, percepção e avaliação do estado psíquico e emocional dos pacientes. A partir do ensino teórico de campos do conhecimento, como História da Medicina, Comunicação, Psiquiatria, Psicanálise, e Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, preparamos os alunos para sua aplicação prática por meio de entrevistas com pacientes. Com base nos recortes desses campos de conhecimento e de nossa experiência, criamos um roteiro de entrevista, que visa não engessar o aluno/entrevistador, mas oferecer uma referência geral dos temas básicos que devem ser abordados e observados na entrevista com os pacientes. Os roteiros orientam não apenas o momento da realização das entrevistas, como também sua organização posterior sob a forma de um relatório escrito. Numa relação dialética, os alunos estudam e ensaiam aplicações da teoria, realizam as entrevistas e escrevem relatórios sobre a experiência prática articulada com a teoria.

We report on this article our teaching experience in Medical Psychology Course for second-year graduation students of Medical School of UNIFESP-EPM, which has shown efficient for sensitizing and for training students to observe, to perceive and to evaluate patients' mental and emotional state. From discussion of theoretical fields of knowledge like History of Medicine, Communication Theories, Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology, we prepare students for their clinical practice through patients' interviewing. We created a guideline which offers a reference of basic issues that must be addressed and that must be noted at patients' interviews, which guide on how to interview and also on how to do a written report. In a dialectical relation they study theories and they try theories' application, they interview patients and they write reports on practical experience combined with theories.

La entrevista motivacional en adicciones / Motivational interviewing in addictions

Introducción: En los últimos 15 años, la entrevista motivacional se ha convertido en uno de los métodos más populares y efectivos en el manejo de las adicciones, hecho sustentado por numerosas investigaciones. Objetivo: Llevar a cabo una revisión teórica de las principales características de la entrevista motivacional y la evidencia clínica disponible. Método: Revisión de la literatura médica publicada sobre el tema, utilizando la base de datos MedLine. Resultados: La entrevista motivacional es un tipo de intervención centrado en el paciente, ampliamente documentado e investigado y con efectividad demostrada, que aprovecha la ambivalencia frente a una problemática y, por medio de una escucha reflexiva y algunas intervenciones puntuales, intenta lograr su resolución, generando una mayor disposición al cambio del comportamiento lesivo en el paciente. Conclusión: La entrevista motivacional es una herramienta efectiva en el manejo de los pacientes, que recupera espacios terapéuticos y favorece el proceso de cambio. Podría ser una herramienta útil en el ámbito colombiano, dadas sus características...

Introduction: In the last 15 years, Motivational Interviewing (MI) has become one of the most popular and effective methods to treat drug addictions. Its efficacy is supported by numerous investigations. Objective: To review the main theoretical characteristics of MI and clinical evidence available. Method: We reviewed the medical literature on the subject, using the Medline database. Results: MI is a patient-centered intervention, with proven effectiveness that takes advantage of the ambivalence toward a problem, and through reflective listening and some targeted interventions, achieve resolution of the ambivalence, leading to greater willingness to change the addictive behavior in the patient. Conclusions: MI is an effective tool in the management of drug addicted patients by recovering therapeutic areas and encouraging the process of change. Given its characteristics, MI could be a useful tool for the treatment of drug addicts in the Colombian context...

Short-Interval Test-Retest Interrater Reliability of the Spanish Version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Depressive Disorder * * / Confiabilidad interevaluador prueba- reprueba en un intervalo corto de la versión en español de la Entrevista Clínica Estructurada para Trastorno Depresivo

Introduction: Psychometric data concerning structured clinical interviews are affected by age and population characteristics. The present study was designed to investigate the test-retest interrater reliability of a Spanish version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in adolescent students from Colombia. Methods: All participants were interviewed by a psychiatrist with the section for current MDD from the Spanish SCID-I clinical version; after three to ten days another psychiatrist performed the same interview. Both adolescent and second interviewer were blind to the first interview results. The statistical significance of kappa was tested by calculation of z-score. Statistical tests were done in STATA 8.0. Results: 164 adolescents were interviewed; mean age was 15.3 years (SD 0.96); 125 (76.2%) were female. The test-retest levels of agreement between first rater and second rater for current MDD was Kappa coefficient 0.612 (CI 95% 0.457-0.765). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that SCID-I is reliable not only in adults, as was previously demonstrated, but also in adolescents. New studies are necessary to test the reliability of the different modules of the SCID in adolescents.

Introducción: Los datos psicométricos acerca de la entrevista clínica estructurada son modificados por la edad y las características de la población. El objetivo del presente estudio es establecer la confiabilidad interevaluador prueba-reprueba en un intervalo corto de la versión en español de la Entrevista Clínica Estructurada (SCID, por su sigla en inglés) para trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) en estudiantes adolescentes. Métodos: Un psiquiatra entrevistó a todos los participantes con el módulo para TDM de la versión clínica en español de la SCID-I; tres a diez días después otro psiquiatra realizó la misma entrevista. El adolescente y el entrevistador fueron enmascarados respecto a los resultados de la primera entrevista. La significancia estadística de kappa fue analizada mediante el cálculo del resultado de z. Los análisis estadísticos fueron hechos en STATA 8.0. Resultados: Se entrevistaron a 164 adolescentes, cuyo promedio de edad era 15,3 años (DS: 0,96); 125 (76,2%) eran mujeres. El nivel de concordancia prueba-reprueba del primero y el segundo entrevistador para TDM actual mostró un coeficiente de kappa de 0,612 (IC 95%: 0,457-0,765). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la SCID-I es confiable en adolescentes y en adultos, como se ha demostrado previamente. Son necesarios nuevos estudios para probar la confiabilidad de los diferentes módulos de la SCID en adolescentes.